Aristotle on the Mixed Form of Government in Sparta

Aristotle on the Mixed Form of Government in Sparta Aristotle, in On the Lacedaemonian Constitution-an area of The Politics-says that some case Spartas arrangement of government included monarchical, oligarchic and law based segments. The Lacedaemonian [Spartan] constitution is blemished in another point; I mean the Ephoralty. This magistracy has expert in the most elevated issues, yet the Ephors are looked over the entire individuals, thus the workplace is adept to fall under the control of extremely poor men, who, being seriously off, are available to pay-offs.- Aristotle Monarchical In the monarchical framework two rulers inherited rulers, one from every one of the Agiad and Eurypontid families-had consecrated commitments and the ability to make war (despite the fact that when of the Persian Wars, the rulers capacity to make war was limited). Oligarchic The lords were programmed individuals from the Gerousia, the gathering of 28 older folks picked for life in addition to the two rulers. Five ephors, picked every year by famous political race, had the fundamental force. Vote based The last part was the get together, comprised of all Spartiates-full Spartan residents more than 18. Aristotle on the Poor In the cited entry on the legislature of Sparta, Aristotle dislikes government run by destitute individuals. He figures they would accept hush money. This is striking for two reasons: that he would think the rich were not vulnerable to pay-offs, and that he endorses of government by the tip top, something individuals in present day majority rules systems will in general object. For what reason would such a knowledgeable, splendid mastermind accept there was a distinction between the rich and poor? Sources Sequence of Early SpartaAncient History SourcebookThe Ephors of Sparta Herodotus on the Kings of Sparta C 430 BCEThe Kings of SpartaPeriegesis Hellados IIIThe Spartan SystemThomas Martin OverviewXenophon: Constitution of the Lacedaemonians 13.1ff andâ â 8.3

Wal-Mart Grapples with Rfid free essay sample

The principal question asks how RFID is identified with Wal-Mart’s plan of action. No understanding is given in the content with regards to what that plan of action is. I accept the appropriate response can be summarized in their motto â€Å"always the low price†. Wal-Mart is colossal to such an extent that they direct to their providers how the provider will maintain their own organizations and what Wal-Mart will be charged. For more understanding on Wal-Mart and how they work together observe â€Å"The Wal-Mart You Don’t Know† at . http://www. astcompany. com/magazine/77/walmart. html The contextual investigation demonstrates that the biggest explanation Wal-Mart needs RFID labels is to guarantee that product is on the store rack rather than the storeroom in the rear of the store. Wal-Mart as of now demands stock is conveyed to stores on schedule, unfailingly. Providers are profited if their item is ready to move when a client needs it. Providers are not profited when a label costs 40 to 50 pennies each and Wal-Mart anticipates that the seller should retain the expense. We will compose a custom article test on Wal-Mart Grapples with Rfid or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I don’t think providers are profited, simply one more expense of working with Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart providers had a few issues executing the RFID frameworks. First was cost, as referenced previously. Next, the labels didn't function admirably with all product. Certain fluids, metals and permeable material meddles with the radio waves. Being new innovation, norms have not been composed and hardware to utilize the labels has not been completely evolved. Suppliers’ most serious issue was Wal-Mart itself requesting the innovation be utilized, despite the fact that it was at this point to be demonstrated solid. Providers have been not able or reluctant execute what Wal-Mart mentioned. With Wal-Marts’ clout, there are most likely specialized and cost gives that just couldn't be survived. In any case Wal-Mart’s merchants would have been compelled to receive RFID. The labels are being utilized in Wal-Mart stores on a constrained premise and the expression â€Å"baby steps† is being appended to the innovation. The contextual investigation questions are three to four years outdated. A superior inquiry today would be if the innovation will ever satisfy it’s potential in the Wal-Mart condition.

Irs bus 50 p Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Irs transport 50 p - Essay Example So as to serve the customers expertly, a representative must be completely outfitted with great relational abilities: this may incorporate; having mental fortitude when conversing with the customers, this implies being certain about realizing one can make critical commitments to the conversations. Customary act of the assessment guidelines, this will build ones information and trust in taking care of the customers. Creating effective listening ability will empower one comprehend the genuine territory of concern and along these lines ready to react fittingly. Working at INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE is regular as people are contracted to labor for one year at that point continue to school where they the association at that point offers preparing to the understudies. Working in IRS is a lot of speaking to me because of the quantity of befits that accompanied it. One of the significant reasons I would incline toward working for the government is the faithfulness of serving my nation. The experience one gets when serving the enormous populace is wonderful. The position would open me to knowing about the duty guidelines present in my

The Surprising Details Into Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics Most People Dont Know About

The Surprising Details Into Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics Most People Don't Know About Whatever They Told You About Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Alice finds a small golden key that opens a door that contributes to a little passage. I must be getting somewhere close to the middle of the earth. She realizes that she is not going to fit in the door so she thinks that she's stuck. Then she sees a key which will just fit in the small door. The Basic Facts of Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics Absolem, the Caterpillar, is the sole character in Wonderland that has the ability to figure out whether she's the one. Within this sense, Alice doesn't really evolve into a greater comprehension of her adventure. Characters like the Hatter have various attitudes at various parts of the book, or so the reader doesn't even realize who's speaking. However, the Hare lacks common sense, and is readily duped by other people . Nietzsche demonstrates that one needs an excellent balance between what is real and what's fake. That the essay has managed to underline the subject of the book, this is only one of the intriguing element that will draw the audience. This book is somewhat hard to follow on account of the many complex characters and bizarre morals. With his book Carroll produced a metaphor because of his upside down universe. Communication is a significant portion of the greatest daily life. Terrific rating and superior reviews should tell you everything that you need to understand about this excellent writing service. If this is the case, you should look at a career in deaf education. Despite the fact that Alice does not wish to intentionally offend or insult others, she isn't able to think in different people's perspectives as adolescents do. Among the characteristics of Alice being a youngster is bragging about her limited understanding. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. By implication, there's the view a youngster's perception of the planet is the sole sane one. Once they begin to understand what their valuable interests will be and what's extremely important to them, checklist will begin to find shape. Nature, in each instance, sets limits on the capacity to assimilate experiences. The Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics Chronicles Though his function in story is pretty small, the Cheshire Cat has left a notable effect on myself in addition to on popular culture. I think this novel might have been influenced by the usage of opium. There are several different perspectives on the bildungsroman aspect within the story. The Pain of Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics The essay isn't the simplest task to master. To begin writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. Therefore, for your convenience, you have a super b chance to monitor the development of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely method. You must be proficient in the topic, have an overall idea about the chosen issue and figure out how to get the best arguments to show your thesis. There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may also secure different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at fair price. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. If you're student likes only the specific technical schooling that is normally a shorter length of time, it's also wise to look at these solutions too. Completely free Alices Ad ventures in Wonderland essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to make sure that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in agreement with all academic standards. Traveling Registered Nurse This sort of nurse works within temporary work opportunities across the nation and also in forex countries, often for a couple weeks at a moment, and in some instances years during a period. Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics - What Is It? The reader can observe that Alice understands that all the creatures in Wonderland are incorrect. All she has are little parts of candy, and a thimble. At the close of the story we see Alice that is now a confident girl that has gained skills that she is able to adapt to virtually any situation which gets thrown inside her way. A Duchess who's determined to locate a moral in everything. Unlike Carroll's very first story, this world is one that's logical and in that loses a number of its magic. Alice's desire to join the garden corresponds to her urge to remain a child indefinitely. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics Obviously, they are, but they're also much more. Typically, it takes up to two hours of time to comb through dozens of sites until you discover something exciting to write about. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Keep on top of the program deadlines and don't get the sophomore slacker' mindset. The Battle Over Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay Topics and How to Win It In the long run the baby goes through a metamorphos is and becomes a pig, so there's no need so save it. Young adults today don't have any definite function of child or adult. Likewise, a kid tends to find adults in the exact light. Children really like to relate to the principal character, especially in the event the youngster's dream is to develop into the most important character.

Summary Of Emily Wuthering Heights - 1692 Words

Jenny Panchal Mrs. Callarman English 4AP December 4, 2015 Bronte, Emily Wuthering Heights 1847. The narrators’ stories are told from two different time frames. Nelly’s story begins in the 1770s and Lockwood leaves Yorkshire in 1802. The story of Wuthering Heights takes place in two neighboring houses, called Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, on the Yorkshire moors. The setting is important to the story because of the symbolism of the moors and what drives or motivates the characters. The physical environment of the moors is symbolic in Wuthering Heights because it is a wild, wet place. Not much can be farmed on moors so it symbolizes how nothing can be nurtured, like love. It’s hard to get around because it all looks the†¦show more content†¦Class status affected the characters’ motivation, like Catherine’s decision to marry Edgar so that she will be â€Å"the greatest woman of the neighborhood.† The Lintons try hard to prove their social status by how they behave. The Earnshaws don’t have a carriage or as much land and their house is not as grand. The protagonists in the story are Heathcliff, Catherine, and Edgar Linton. Heathcliff was an orphan adopted by Mr. Earnshaw and brought to live at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff falls in love with Mr. Earnshaw’s daughter, Catherine. After time, Mr. Earnshaw dies and his son, Hindley, is very mean to Heathcliff. Catherine wants a higher social status than Heathcliff can provide so she marries Edgar Linton. Heathcliff spends the rest of his life seeking revenge on just about everyone in the novel, including Hindley and Catherine. Heathcliff is often cruel and powerful and after he gets rich he uses his power to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Catherine is the daughter of Mr. Earnshaw. Catherine falls in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brought home. Catherine loves Heathcliff so much that she claims they are the same person. She is torn between her passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. She brings misery to both of the men who love her. Edgar Linton is a

Vaccines Are Not The Cause Of Autism - 1925 Words

Vaccines Are Not the Cause of Autism Autism is factually known as a neurological developmental disorder. This disorder affects a child (mostly boys) at an early age or once the child is enrolled in school when it comes to social interactions, ways of communication and behavior. The rise in autism can be attributed to the various ways autism is now diagnosed, a much more attainable reason than vaccinations. Autism has a wide spectrum and specialists may consider a child to be autistic based on different characteristics than their colleague. Autism has no etiology as of yet, although various theories and vaccinations are some of the culprits. The immunization schedule that babies are supposed to follow from birth doesn’t cause autism because the CDC sets the schedule with stringent amounts of research; each vaccine is vigorously tested for the age of the child it is intended for; and vaccines are made of small antigens that do not overload the immune system. Therefore, there is no question if autism and vaccination s are related. The Center for Disease Control is in charge of publishing the immunization schedule and making appropriate changes if need be. Until 1999, thimerosal was used in vaccines and medicines. The thimerosal was used in multi dose vaccines to prevent the growth of germs, bacteria, and fungus in the vial, which would then be transferred into the patient. Since thimerosal contains ethylmercury, it was decided by the American Academy of Pediatrics, to removeShow MoreRelatedVaccines And Autism : Do Vaccines Cause Autism?1231 Words   |  5 PagesPseudoscience? I. Vaccines Autism Do Vaccines cause Autism? II. Abstract Do vaccines cause autism is a question that has been bouncing around for over twenty years. The increase in the number of diagnosed cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased significantly and due to the impact this has in people’s lives several studies have been done in an effort to determine the cause. More specifically the MMR, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, vaccination has been accused of being the cause of autism. This accusationRead MoreVaccines Are Not the Cause of Autism Essay604 Words   |  3 Pagesunfavorable reactions that may arise. The chief concerns are whether vaccinating causes serious developmental delays such as autism in children. The aim of this composition is to enlighten others that vaccinating children does not bring about autism. By means of scientific exploration along with advanced medical diagnosis in children, researchers currently recognize that the increase in autism claims are not vaccine linked. Koch (2000) affirms that, â€Å"drugmakers and health officials say there isRead MoreDo Vaccines Cause Autism?2029 Words   |  9 PagesEmily Peters Kiera Ball ENGL 101T 6 May 2015 Do Vaccines Cause Autism? Contrary to popular belief, autism is the result of a specific genetic mutation where it makes the person diagnosed have an inability to interact with others. According to Kavin Senapathy, Validating â€Å"the fact that GMOs and vaccines don’t cause autism, scientists have now linked mutations in over a hundred genes to autism in two recent studies published in Nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¦ â€Å"about 30 percent of those found in these studies occurredRead MoreVaccines Are A Major Cause Of Autism2128 Words   |  9 Pageshas existed that vaccines are a major cause of autism. Despite the fact that large amounts of research have been done to disprove this belief, the belief still persists. The research done in this paper were obtained by searching many science databases. These studies consist of experiments and result analysis. The studies included surveys, examination of health databases, and medical examinations. The experiments proved that vaccines do not have a causal re lationship with autism. This is shown byRead MoreDoes Vaccine Cause Autism?928 Words   |  4 PagesWith so much evidence to disprove that vaccines cause autism, why is this still a question in our society? Thanks to the media continuously covering stories about mothers who have children with autism, and celebrities who support the unlink of autism causing vaccines. A reason brought up often when talking with an anti-vaccine person, is that the side effects of vaccines are being covered up by big business. When looking at reasons why a big corporation or the government would do that, there isn’tRead MoreVaccines Cause Autism Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pageswhether vaccines cause autism, however, there is no evidence that Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccination is associated to autism. Parental age and pregnancy complications have been the most studied risk factors for ASD especially low birth weight and prematurity. Three of five studies have found low birth weight to have a sig nificant association with autism spectrum disorder. Mothers aged 35 years and older and fathers aged 40 to 49 years have also found significant associations with autism. PregnancyRead MoreThe Mmr Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism873 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s chance of getting autism. Studies have shown following the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine children become diagnosed with autism. Parents are risking bringing back diseases that before vaccinations killed and threatened the lives of many people. The MMR vaccine does not cause autism, because the doctor who published the first study about this theory has since lost his medical license, many more studies have proven the correlation is a myth, and Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy organizationRead MoreThe Mmr Vaccine Did Cause Autism1415 Words   |  6 Pagesand all believed that it was not safe to vaccinate (Silverman, 2013). They were convinced that the MMR vaccine did cause autism. There were many families that we re part of the church that had a history of autism in their family, and did not want to chance it. So instead of asking for a different schedule of vaccines and not bundling the MMR, the families and others opted out of the MMR vaccine entirely (Silverman, 2013). A visitor came to the church, after being in Indonesia, and, unknowingly, wasRead MoreVaccines Do Not Cause Autism Essay3070 Words   |  13 PagesVaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of theRead MoreIs Vaccines A Cause Of Autism Spectrum Disorder?1179 Words   |  5 PagesM ake â€Å"Ever since the smallpox vaccine in 1798 there has been an argument over the safety, effectiveness and morality of vaccinations† (Immunization Action Timeline). In 2015 we have progressed as far as to find a vaccine for Ebola but the controversy still continues. In Tennessee, residents can refuse vaccines because of a religious reason. Many other states also allow their residents to refuse vaccines for religious and philosophical reasons (National Vaccine Information Center). Because states

Nancy and Oliver Essay Example For Students

Nancy and Oliver Essay Consider the presentation of bullying within the novel, Oliver Twist, and how Dickens emphasises the plight of the victims, Nancy and Oliver, against the cruelty of society, Fagin and Bill Sikes.  Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens during the period of 1837 to 1839. The novel is about the indictment of cruelty that children suffered at the hands of society. Bullying is a main issue within the novel, Oliver Twist. Charles Dickens based the novel upon bullying within society. There are many types of bullying used throughout the novel; including institutional, physical, emotional, verbal and group bullying. Throughout the novel Dickens criticises Victorian society. He wrote the novel based on the personal experiences of previous hardships inflicted on people. Dickens emphasised the treatment of the poor, the conditions in which children survived and the way in which society treated each other. Throughout the novel, Dickens uses irony, sarcasm and satire to reinforce his points to illustrate the conditions in which people lived. The subject of Institutional bullying is highlighted at the beginning of the novel. Oliver Twist was just one of the subjects of institutional bullying. In Victorian society, workhouses were very common places for individuals to live. People were sent to the workhouse if they did not have any where else to go. These places were often used for old people. If a person was sent to a workhouse it was thought to be their fault. It was difficult for the inhabitants; as they were categorized as shameful and desperate. Whilst living in the workhouse people would lose their identity and integrity. They would live by very vigorous rules and lose the freedom they possessed. In the opening of the novel, Oliver is an orphan born in a workhouse. The first time Oliver is referred to in the novel is as it, this is a sign of bullying from the beginning. When someone is referred to as it, they lose their identity. Oliver is later referred to as the fact of a new burden having been imposed upon the parish. It is ironic because when a baby is born it is regarded as the greatest joy in the world, but in the case of babies who were born in the workhouse they were classed as a burden and one which was not needed. Dickens highlighted the fact that He was enveloped in the old calico robes which had grown yellow in the same service. This demonstrates that the workhouse was a dirty place. The owners did not buy new clothes nor did they wash them very often. This suggests that the robe had been worn many times by other babies born into the environment. Oliver was just one of many to wear it. The robe was yellow which suggests it was very old and dirty. This suggests institutional bullying; most people who went through the workhouse were treated this way. Institutional bullying continued throughout Olivers early life, he was maltreated by his hypocritical master Bumble. We reflect on this as Oliver Twists ninth birthday found him a pale thin child. This shows the malnutrition that Oliver and the other work house boys encountered and the way in which they were starved. The description of food amounts were at starvation levels for a child.  Dickens describes Olivers clothes as He wore an outer coat of dirt, this highlighted the fact that Oliver had been neglected and was unclean. From the novel, I can see how unhappy Oliver was on a rough, hard bed, he sobbed himself to sleep; this emphasised how badly he was treated and the sorrow he felt. This is institutional and emotional bullying. .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e , .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .postImageUrl , .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e , .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:hover , .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:visited , .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:active { border:0!important; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:active , .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uebc5cf7178a5ca7d212dc2021e20cd9e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Main Themes in "The Merchant of Venice"Throughout the novel, Oliver encounters many bullies. Dickens uses these bullies to emphasise the way in which society treated people and the examination of evil. One bully who Oliver is the victim of is Noah Claypole. Oliver meets Noah when he is apprenticed by Mr Sowerberry at the undertakers where he is sent to work. Noah Claypole is one of the workers there. Noah Claypole instantly takes a dislike to Oliver. Before he even meets him, he threatens to hurt him by saying, Ill whop yer when I get in. This is a clear indication of bullying.

History of Native Americans in Mississippi

Introduction According to Haynes, the territory of Mississippi was created by congress in 1798 when United States was still classified as a young nation[1]. President John Adams, who was the president at the moment, had tossed the country into war with France, which was undergoing revolution at the moment. In 1790s, there was a western surge that was primarily caused by the defeat of the Indians tribes commanded by Gen.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Native Americans in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Anthony Wayne and the negotiation undertaken by the Thomas Pinckney, a U.S minister that reopened the Mississippi river. These unsettling times gave way to the possession of Natchez, a long disputed district that was named after a vanished tribe of Indians, passed to the United States[2]. The state of Mississippi was approved through an act of legislation on 26th February 1836[3]. According to Baca, the Native American Indian groups of Choctaw and Chickasaw were the most populous; the southern and central parts of the present Mississippi were occupied by Choctaw native group while the northern part was occupied by the Chickasaw native group[4]. History of Native Americans in Mississippi The core of the American Native group of Chickasaw was located in the present day Mississippi. In addition to this, the Chickasaw also possessed additional territories, in present day Western Kentucky, eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee. The cultural and language values of the Chickasaw native group were closely related to their counter parts, the Choctaw, who lived in the southern part of the present day Mississippi. The two groups in turn were culturally tied to their counter parts the Creek who lived in the eastern part of Alabama and Georgia[5]. The political organization of the Chickasaw was centrally placed in between the Creek and the Choctaw. This is because they were not as informal as the Choctaw was and on the other hand, not as rigidly structured as the Creek. The Natchez people, whose dwellings were along the lower side of the Mississippi river, were elaborate in their social structure. The land upon which the Chickasaw settled on was a flood plain of the Mississippi river, thus the natives were forced to build their houses and villages on the high patches of land to avoid flooding[6]. Effects of American expansion into lands of Mississippi valley and west of Mississippi river The years 1780-1880 were years of adjusting, learning, experimentation and fighting for dominance for land and the resources in it. In between this century, there was a decline in power and population of the Native Americans. Migration was another effect that was eminent during the expansion, as the natives were required to relocate west to Indiana territory on the west side of the river.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Racism and denigration of culture were some of the effects that resulted from the American expansion into lands of Mississippi valley. This is because in times of conflicts, the Indians were considered racially inferior and culturally denigrated[7]. Relationship between the Native Americans and the federal government The United States’ Indian policy was designed for the sole purpose of meeting the economic, spiritual, and political wishes and needs of its citizens. These wishes did not coincide with those of the Native Americans, and in conflict, the natives were normally overpowered by the mighty power of the state and federal governments. The relationship was hence strained as the state tried to alleviate the Native people in a manner that required cultural transformation thus making the natives reject the proposed transformations[8]. Recognition of sovereignty permeated the relationship existing between the Natives and the Unite d States federal in the sense that the congress was in a position of denying it. A large number of the Indians who figured in the six and a half years of America’s revolution war died and those who survived faced hardship in reconstruction and postwar recovery[9]. Considering the role played by the Native groups that settled in the present day Mississippi in mapping the history of America, one cannot deny there was a great deal of unjust committed to them by the Expansion of the Americans into the Mississippi valley. Not only did the Natives face racism and denigration of culture, they also lost their lives and endured hardships in postwar recovery all in the name of American Revolution. This said, the natives should be compensated for the wrongs done to them in the past, as history can be a reference point of the future ahead. Bibliography Baca, Keith. Native American place names in Mississippi. NY, University press of Mississippi, 2007.Advertising We will write a custo m essay sample on History of Native Americans in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brown, A.J. History of Newton County, Mississippi, from 1834 to 1894. Louisiana, Pelican Publishing Company, Inc, 1999. Haynes, Robert. The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795-1817. Kentucky, the university press of Kentucky, 2010. Trigger, Bruce. North America, Part 1. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of native tribes. NY, Infobase publishing, 2006. Footnotes R .v. Haynes, The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795-1817, (Kentucky, the university press of Kentucky, 2010), p. 1 R .v. Haynes, The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795-1817, (Kentucky, the university press of Kentucky, 2010), p. 2 A.J. Brown, History of Newton County, Mississippi, from 1834 to 1894, (Louisiana, Pelican Publishing Company, Inc n.d), p. 1 K. A. Baca, Native American place names in Mississippi (NY, University press of Mississippi, 2007), p. xii 5C.Waldman, Encyclopedia of native tribes, (NY, Infobase publishing, 2006), p. 60,61 B.G. Trigger, North America, Part 1, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1996 ), p. 461 B.G. Trigger, North America, Part 1, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1996), p. 462, 463 B.G. Trigger, ibid. B.G. Trigger, ibid. This essay on History of Native Americans in Mississippi was written and submitted by user Miller Albert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Edith Wharton Books

Edith Wharton Books Edith Wharton wrote several books between 1900 and 1938. Wharton travelled extensively during the World War I and assisted war victims in Paris. Her novel, The Age of Innocence won the Pulitzer price. Critics and readers considered this novel to be the best literary work of Edith Wharton.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Edith Wharton Books specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The novel reflects the desire and betrayal in the old city of New York. Several works of Wharton show extensive use of dramatic irony. Her works reflect the lives of American upper class through the use of humor and empathy in describing their lives, and changes in New York towards the beginning of the 20th century. This essay shall analyze two short stories (Roman Fever and The Other Two) of Wharton in terms of themes and stylistic features. Feminist critics have looked at the works of Wharton in relations to prevailing social and political circums tances with regard to acceptance of women. The social aspects focused on marital duties and responsibilities of women, particular in The Other Two and Roman Fever. Wharton looks at the social prejudice against women at her times. For instance, she discusses issues of sexual gratification men derived from women, marriages for convenience, malicious divorce, and professional working relations. She sees sexual identity of women as suppressed by men, and women submissively accepted and internalized their roles in a patriarchal society as the other sex. Women believed lies of men in reference to their sexual and responsibilities in society. It is the social hegemony that creates the otherness in women. Feminists believe that men wish to control women because of their efforts for sexual dominance. Wharton addresses social challenges and advantages women derive from being wives of socially and financially advanced men. Wharton shows that women value social status rather than love. In Roman Fever, Alida Slade derives her happiness from social advantages she gets from Delphin as a wife. For instance, the author notes that â€Å"It was a big drop from being the wife of Delphin Slade to being his widow. As the wife of the famous corporation lawyer, always with an international case or two on hand, every day brought its exciting and unexpected obligation: the impromptu entertaining of eminent colleagues from abroad, the hurried dashes on legal business to London, Paris or Rome, where the entertaining was so handsomely reciprocated; the amusement of hearing in her wakes: What, that handsome woman with the good clothes and the eyes is Mrs. Slade- the Slades wife! Really! Generally the wives of celebrities are such frumps† (Wharton 83). On the other hand, in The Other Two, Wharton looks at the role and status of women, challenges of married women, children and parent relationship, divorce issues and the dynamic social society with a critical perspective on love affair s outside marriage. The author notes that every woman must choose what works for her in social context.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, some women decide not to marry, but choose to face the social risk by using a temporary liaisons build on sexual desires and mutual trusts. Conversely, in Roman Fever, Mrs. Slade views marriage as a means of achieving social success. These thoughts create bitter rivals among the women fighting for the same man. Wharton’s The Other Two demonstrates how women have used divorce and remarriage to advance themselves in the social ladder. This is what Alice Waythorn does. Alice has been able to attain and adapt to new marriages and expectations. Alice considers herself to be at the highest point of success when she is Waythorn’s wife. After the honeymoon, Mr. Waythorn must face the reality and acknowledge the fact that Alice has changed, but he must accept her the way she is. Wharton tries to show how men have always defined women. In the eyes of men, women have always been objects of sexual gratification and possessions. At the same time, men have used women to make their social interaction easy and provide a touch of comfort to their ego and competitive instinct. Alice does not change outwardly, but in the eyes of Waythorn she goes through a series of changes. Waythorn likes the girlish traits in Alice. This is also a trait Waythorn likes because he feels that it makes him look young. Waythorn sees Alice as having the right to divorce in both her marriages. He feels that Alice was the wronged party. During the beginning of the story, Waythorn can only see the positive sides of her lover. However, at the end of the novel, Waythorn also begins to see Alice mistakes. This creates discomfort in Waythorn, but he recognizes the fact that Alice is a mixed being just like himself. The social w orld has created women into what they are. These creations and transformation of women are the products men like Waythorn desires and crave to get. Alice knows that her body is her only resource. Therefore, she must use it to her advantage. In this regard, a woman becomes a product who can only be acquired by the highest bidder. Roman Fever looks at the illicit sexual content in society. Grace shares an illicit and secret love with Delphin Slade. Wharton notes that â€Å"Alida feels a bit remorseful for a moment, but her animosity returns when she considers that Grace harbored secret love for her husband over the years and had been living on that letter† (Wharton 86). Therefore, to Grace, Roman Fever does not only mean catching cold, but also the burning fever of secret love at the Colosseum. Slade influences women with his possessions and wealth. On the other hand, Horace remains sterile and contributes nothing to the story. Horace also has no sexual fever to sire children. Therefore, Roman Fever becomes a symbolic way of fulfilling sexual desires.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Edith Wharton Books specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wharton shows that women are capable beings just like men. Women are able to adapt to any situation and progress socially. For instance, Alice is able to adapt to her divorces and move on the social ladder. Alice further fits into different situations by becoming an actress. Wharton purposefully makes men the audience at the show. Waythorn does not like several sides of his wife, but he must accept her as a performer. Wharton reveals the negative attitude society or men have towards female performers. Men look at actresses as women of loose morals. However, they fail to appreciate the difficult tasks of performing. Men feel that women have abandoned their privacy in order to satisfy public demands for shows. Though men are unappreciative, they must progress towards accepting diverse women’s roles in society as Waythorn does. This point enables readers to see Alice as a capable woman, gifted as an actress and able to overcome the challenges of life. Roman Fever shows that women may reject domestic gestures, and opt for other social context in society. For instance, Grace Ansley prefers to confront others, particular Alida Slades. Alida demonstrates the resistances to male dominance that has affected women as a fever. Grace rejects the social notions of paternity and leaves her daughter for any suitor and even hints that the two daughters (Barbara and Jenny) shall be rivals for the same love. This is a character that puts the whole idea of paternity and patriarchal in America at stake. These have been the conventional reference point for women during times of Wharton. Social lives are full of deconstructive passions. There are passions Wharton portrays as love, vengeance, enmity, jealousy and fear. These strong passions permeate t he relationship between Grace Ansley and Alida Slade. There is a strong passion growing between Grace and Delphin (Alida’s fiancà ©). Consequently, fear of losing her fiancà © and desire for revenge consumes Alida. She then hatches a plot to expose Grace to a chill that will make Grace sick and remain isolated from Delphin. The next twenty-five years contain growing hatred Alida has for Grace. Alida also does not like Barbara (Grace’s daughter) because she is superior to her own (Jenny). Grace must also live with a sterile Horace while Delphin, the father of her daughter, lives with Alida in the neighborhood.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wharton is a writer gifted with the use of language in expressing the social context of Americans changing society. She uses language artistically to attack social and sexual prejudices against women. Wharton uses symbols in Roman Fever to refer to several aspects of the story. For instance, the title of the story Roman Fever shows Grace’s sexual attraction towards Delphin. This leads to siring of a love child, Barbara. This also creates hatred between Alida Slade and Grace Ansley. The knitting symbolizes the challenges joining the social and marriage lives of Grace and Alida. Crimson silk represents the passionate love Alida, and Grace probably have for Delphin. As Grace drops her knitting, a destroyed relationship comes to display between the two characters. Evening darkness shows the discovery of dark secrets between Alida and Grace. On the other hand, The Other Two shows use of symbolism through both male and female characters. Waythorn represents male figures under the i nfluence of patriarchal and economically depended society. Male figures in the changing society have their eyes focused on advancing their social status in society at the expense of their marriages. Waythorn is unable to understand his wife, Alice. Wharton shows the destructive effects on wives and marriages of a society too depend on material wealth. Just like material wealth, society also sees a woman as a possession of a man. Through the troubled and divorced marriages of Alice, Wharton shows the readers the consequences of such acts on both the wife and subsequent husbands, who fail to see any other adorable features in their wives, and concentrate on their wives past experiences with their former husbands. We must understand the psychological and social implications of divorce. Wharton offers readers various perspectives to analyze the consequences of divorce and marriages. Wharton also presents her works through the use of irony. For instance, Alida Slade tell Grace that †Å"I was wondering, ever so respectfully, you understand wondering how two such exemplary characters as you and Horace had managed to produce anything quite so dynamic† (Lewis 120). Alida refers to Barbara. Horace is sterile and incapable of fathering children. This irony confirms doubts Alida has been having regarding the paternity of Barbara. The setting of the story is a Colosseum. This is damp and cold place. Colosseum served as a fighting place for gladiators. Unknowingly, Grace and Alida have used all the tools in their lives to fight as gladiators. They have used their husbands, bodies, daughters and lives to settle twenty-five years old rivalry. They also have explored both literal and figurative means of killing each other (Killoran 98). Conversely, The Other Two reflects instance of irony in the manner Alice relates with her daughter. The relationship between mother and daughter shows no paternity connections. Alice shows lack of concern for her sick child. Instead, s he is more worried about the impending visit of her ex-husband than her daughter’s well-being. Once the Waythorns have settled the issue, Alice relaxes, but the health condition of her daughter has not changed. During periods of Wharton, typhoid was a serious illness, which mothers could not ignore to concentrate on a visit of an ex-husband. Wharton shows that not all women can rise to the motherly roles society expected of them. This reveals a low opinion of her character, Alice as a mother. The two stories, The Other Two and Roman Fever show that being self is weak and marriage affects everyone to the very core. When we look at the two stories together, we see that marriage is a slippery and even dangerous involvement. This is because individual characters change. This makes married couples find their lives changing beyond their control. For instance, Waythorn wonders how Alice could adapt to three different men after divorce as Alice Haskett, Alice Varick and now Alice Way thorn. This leads him to conclude that Alice is as easy as an old shoe. She had left her a little emotion, privacy, personality and unknown self in every marriage. Divorce exposes the manners and stern attitudes that couples choose to conceal or express about the nature of their sexual affairs, both social and psychological torture, and prejudice couples endure after divorce (Haytock 133). The Other Two gives Wharton an opportunity to present her central female character, Alice through the eyes of a man, Waythorn. She lets the readers see the mistakes of Waythorn judgment regarding her wife. Readers wonder whether Waythorn could have been able to adapt with different women as her wife did. By choosing female characters to be the protagonists of the two stories, Wharton highlights that women are equally superior to men as their roles demand. Wharton also portrays the issues of moral standards society expects from both men and women in order to rise above the social ladder and avoid t endencies of savagery. Wharton lets readers see a different Alice from the one Waythorn knows. Wharton shows readers the strength in women and struggle they experience in order to perform the ever-changing and difficult tasks of pleasing men. The Other Two and Roman Fever have their secret aspects. For example, characters are in dismaying situations, particular the rivalry, marriage and divorce issues, but we must see the humorous sides of the story. These stories present no comical or tragic ending but Wharton allows the stories to social challenges in marriage and modern society. Haytock, Jennifer. Edith Wharton and the Conversations of Literary Modernism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print. Killoran, Helen. The Critical Reception of Edith Wharton. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2001. Print. Lewis, Nancy. The Letters of Edith Wharton. New York: Collier Books, 1988. Print. Wharton, Edith. Roman Fever. New York: Liberty Publishing, 1934. Print.

Art and the Unconscious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art and the Unconscious - Essay Example I have often noticed that writing poetry sometimes replaces the realization of the emotions that were projected in the subconscious. That is, if there are obstacles to the achievement of pleasure through the implementation of emotion in the external world, there is no such problem in art, and in this case art is a spiritualized projection of emotion, expression of which is invariably accompanied by feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. Certainly it is undeniable that the implementation of emotion with a real object would have brought far more satisfying, but with the existence of external barriers to achieving the desired, formed new virtual method of implementing the internal motives. However, the art impulse is not only positive emotions. Aggression, frustration, protest, pain and all sorts of emotions and feelings are not realized in the external world also tend to express. One more element is the desire for self-knowledge and self-revelation inherent to a person on a subconsciou s level, and at some point, when under the influence of any external factors that desire is activated; the person feels what may be called inspiration. The most profound and significant area of human intelligence is the unconscious. The unconscious is a repository of primitive instinctual drives plus the emotions and memories that are so threatened by the consciousness that had been crushed and driven into the unconscious. Unconscious material largely determines the daily operations. The studying the phenomenon of the unconscious goes into great antiquity. For Plato the recognition of the existence of the unconscious was the basis for creating the theory of knowledge, built on the reproduction of what is in the depths of the human psyche. Being familiar with the philosophical ideas of Plato, Freud, of course, drew out some ideas about the unconscious. (Freud, 2009) It is known that a key regulator of human behavior is unconscious. Freud discovered that behind the veil

Environmental law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmental law - Essay Example Along with the passing of an enabling statute, there is also the power to investigate violations of rules and judicial power to adjudicate disputes an agency may have with individuals or businesses (Kubasek & Silverman, 2000). Administrative agencies have three ways of making rules: informal, formal and hybrid ones – all governed by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). In informal rule making, an agency starts the process by publishing the proposed law in the Federal Register, together with a justification of the legal power for issuing the law. It also describes how people can be part of the rule making procedure, and invites those interested in submitting written comments. The agency then evaluates the comments and publishes the adopted law in the Federal Register. It bears a statement of its purpose and the date it becomes effective. Formal rule making occurs when an enabling statute stipulates that all regulations be passed by an agency as part of a formal inquiry process that includes an official transcript. The process starts in the same way as the informal one. However, it also includes a public hearing where witnesses give testimonies on advantages and disadvantages of the proposed law. A transcript of the hearing is maintained. An adopted law based on the received information is then published. Hybrid rule making combines the best features of informal and formal rule making in an attempt to minimize their flaws. It starts with publishing the proposed law in the Federal Register followed by informal public hearings and a restricted cross examination of witnesses. The adopted laws are then published. Administrative agencies have had a positive impact on local living environments. For instance, the EPA sets rules limiting the level of hazardous air pollutants an industry may emit into the atmosphere (Kubasek & Silverman,

The Influence of the MQ-1A Predator on Modern Warfare Essay Example for Free

The Influence of the MQ-1A Predator on Modern Warfare Essay The General Atomics MQ-1B Predator is a revolutionary unmanned aerial vehicle that has changed the very nature of warfare in the United States. The MQ-1 Predator drone was initially developed as a reconnaissance aircraft for the Central Intelligence Agency, designed to be a very light vehicle with a number of intelligent sensors to stealthily gather intelligence. However, since it’s development in the early 1990s, the Predator has undergone a number of variations and upgrades to take on a multitude of roles. Specifically, the United States Air Force describes the Predator as â€Å"uniquely qualified to conduct irregular warfare operations in support of Combatant Commander objectives†[1]. As public opinion continues to favor the value of every American soldier’s life, the MQ-1B Predator has had a profound impact on the United States Armed Forces. Though the concept of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles existed almost as soon as airplanes were developed, they were severely limited in their roles until the Vietnam War. By that time, the development of the â€Å"Lightning Bug† spy planes had been sufficiently developed for use in Vietnam and southern China. The Lightning Bug drones had numerous advantages, such as various countermeasure systems, a low cost, and little risk for the controlling crew[2]. The United States used the Lightning Bug drones on over a thousand missions during the Vietnam War, though some led to an emphasis on developing new UAV programs. The Lightning Bug employed a very basic control program, the first model developed operated on a timer, and would simply turn around after a certain amount of time had elapsed. Later models could be controlled by radio, though the drones had a short control range. The largest limitation of the Frisbee was that it could not take off or land independently; it was usually launched from a DC-130 Hercules and recovered by a helicopter after its parachute had been deployed. Despite these limitation, the Lightning Bug proved to concept of UAVs to the United States. By 1984, the Defense Advanced Research Projects contracted Leading Systems Incorporated of California to create an endurance UAV codenamed â€Å"Amber. † Amber was initially designed for photographic reconnaissance, electronic counter-intelligence operations, and could be used as a cruise missile. The first Amber drones were able to fly continuously for approximately 38 hours, and successfully completed long range test flights in 1987. During the late 1980s, Congress pressured the numerous UAV programs through funding cuts, though the Amber drone survived after being incorporated into the Joint Program Office for UAV development. By 1990 however, the Amber program was cut, likely due to the abrasive personality of its director, Abraham Karem[3]. Leading Systems faced financial difficulties after the failure of the Amber program, and was bought by General Atomics. At the time of its sale, Leading Systems was developing a variation of the Amber drone named the Gnat750, which was designed as a less expensive alternative. Though its wingspan was larger than the Amber, this enabled the Gnat to weigh less but carry a larger payload. The Gnat also had an extremely long range, with an endurance of 48 or more hours. The Gnat also featured a GPS system for independent flight, as well as a configurable sensor package that could be customized for various missions[4]. In the early 1990s, the CIA order multiple Gnat 750s to gather intelligence on the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Though the Gnat was successful on its missions, software glitches caused at least one crash and the drone was discovered to be susceptible to rough weather. The Gnat was considered a success for its configurability and endurance, and General Atomics resolved to develop a new UAV. General Atomics was awarded a contract to build the RQ-1A Predator in January 1994. The Predator’s design is similar to that of the Gnat 750, with a aerodynamic fuselage with low mounted wings. The Predator is also much larger than the Gnat, with a wingspan of 55 feet and a length of 27 feet[5]. The Predator featured a sensor â€Å"turret† underneath the nose of the aircraft which enabled Infrared and Electro-Optical imaging, a laser designator was added to later models. The Predator also includes a number of datalink antennas that enables it to be controlled from the ground by line of sight radio transmission or satellite link. The antennas also allows the Predator to upload information to various other battlefield units, such as aircraft or naval vessels. This allows the Armed Forces to obtain real time intelligence on the battlefield as long as the Predator can remain in the area. The Predator can be flown by remote control from a mounted camera, or will otherwise fly in a preprogrammed path via a mounted GPS system. The range of the Predator drone is also very large, â€Å"If a Predator were flown out of San Francisco, it would be able to operate into Nevada, southern Oregon, or northwestern Mexico and monitor a 185 x 185 kilometer (115 x 115 mile) grid†[6]. The Predator first saw service over Bosnia in 1995 with the CIA; one aircraft was destroyed by the mission commander after an engine failure and another was shot down. These initial drones were handed over to the Air Force and used in numerous campaigns. In early missions, the Predator’s primary role was to designate targets for other aircraft, though inexperienced pilots often could not get support to an area quickly enough to make a difference. It was quickly decided that Predator drones would need offensive capabilities in case it needed to engage a target itself, and many were quickly outfitted with a pair of Hellfire anti-armor missiles. After successful testing, one officer in the Air Force stated that â€Å"The effectiveness was a relief nobody was quite sure that firing a Hellfire from a Predator wouldnt rip the UAVs wing right off†[7]. The newly armed Predator drones were quickly put into service with the new designation of MQ-1A. According to the US Air Force website, M is the Department of Defense designation for multi-role, while Q is designated to all UAVs. Finally, the 1 and A show that the Predator was the first modern series of UAVs widely developed by the Air Force. The widespread use of the MQ-1A Predators and its variations are attributable to successful attributes of the previous UAV programs. Like the original Lightning Bug drones, the Predator is relatively inexpensive and enjoys a long endurance time. The Predator is also able to independently take off and land like the Amber drone, and has a unique design and a customizable sensor platform like the Gnat 750. All of these aspects allow the Predator drone to be highly adaptable to numerous mission types, all while putting no lives at risk and remaining cost efficient. Many pieces of modern military equipment, especially those with the modern sensor and weapons equipment found in the Predator platform, cost encormous amounts of money. However, as of 2009 a complete Predator drone package costs only $20 million. This includes four MQ-1A Predator drones, a ground control station, and a Predator Primary Satellite Link. The cost of maintaining the Predator fleet is also relatively low, operating and sustaining 195 MQ-1 Predators in 2010 cost the United States $2. 38 billion. In comparison, one F-15 Strike Eagle costs the Air Force approximately $100 million. The ground control station of a Predator unit is highly customizable, but a standard station is designed to fit into the body of a C-130 Hercules aircraft. During operation, one operator controls a Predators flight path and movements, while another monitor’s the drone’s equipment, including sensors and weapons. A commander will always be present in a ground control station to supervise the Predator unit. As the Predator was designed to be adaptable and upgradable, many variations and enhanced version of the Predator exist. In 2001, General Atomics created proof of concept UAV then called the Predator-B. The Predator-B featured a more efficient engine that was also less prone to malfunction, a longer wingspan, and a hardened design. This allowed the Predator-B to fly as high as 52,000 feet, above any potentially dangerous weather. By 2004, the Air Force had need of a UAV with more offensive capabilities, and the Predator-B was selected to take on this role. Renamed the MQ-9B Hunter Killer or MQ-9B Reaper, this drone has become the main UAV of the United States Armed Forces. The MQ-9B Reaper has an improved targeting system for identification and weapons targeting, an increased weight capacity for munitions or fuel, and an endurance time of over 42 hours. [9] The Reaper is not meant to replace the Predator drone however, instead it is used in more offensive mission, as it can be fitted with â€Å"twin 225 kilogram guided bombs, eight Hellfires, and two Sidewinder [missiles]†[10]. The original MQ-1A Predator is used for missions that only require surveillance or light armament. A third major variation of the Predator drone, the Predator-C, is under development as a stealth UAV. With a more streamlined design, the Predator-C is intended to offer offensive and surveillance capabilities, and models have been designed for deployment on aircraft carriers. Though development is ongoing, the United States Navy and Air Force have both ordered Predator-Cs. As the MQ-1A Predator is so adaptable and cost-efficient, it has had a major impact on numerous operations since its introduction. In 2000, the Predators were undergoing a trial run in Afghanistan by search for majoring terrorist leaders, including Osama Bin Laden. On at least two occasions in September of 2000, the Predators identified a tall man wearing white robes in Kandahar, Afghanistan that the 9/11 Commission Report states was â€Å"probably Bin Laden. †[11] However, these events occurred before the Predators were outfitted with offensive capabilities. On March 4, 2002, also in Afghanistan, a Predator drone destroyed a fortified Taliban bunker that had pinned down an Army Ranger team during the Battle of Robert’s Ridge. F-15 and F-16 fighters were previously scrambled to destroy the bunker, but were unsuccessful. Additionally, two of the twenty-two terrorists on the FBI’s most wanted list have been killed by Predator drones, Mohammed Atef and Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam, both participants in the 1998 US Embassy bombings. The Predator was also been extremely effective in operations in Iraq. Between July 2005 and June 2006, Predator drones â€Å"participated in more than 242 separate raids; engaged 132 troops in contact-force protection actions; fired 59 Hellfire missiles; surveyed 18,490 targets; escorted four convoys; and flew 2,073 sorties for more than 33,833 flying hours. [13] Due to the success and variability of the entire Predator series, the platform is currently under consideration for many non-military roles. The Federal Aviation Administration recently authorized both the Predator and Reaper drones for domestic use in searching for the victims of disasters; the advance imaging equipment in the drones could be used to located survivors that would otherwise remain lost, and the drones are capable of remaining in flight much longer than ordinary rescue teams. 14] The US Border Patrol also utilizes Predator drones to maintain the US-Mexico border, and NASA uses the drones for high altitude scientific study. As the culmination of UAV technology and development, the MQ-1A Predator drone and its variations have had a lasting and revolutionary impact both on and off the battlefield. As the United States moves continues to move into the 21st century, the Predator drone enables long range surveillance and offensive capabilities without endangering the lives of soldiers, all while remaining extremely cost efficient. The applications of the Predator drone are nearly limitless as it has been an overwhelming success in nearly every deployment it has seen. By utilizing the technological advantages that the Predator drone offers, the United States Armed Forces will continue its missions without putting more servicemen or women at risk.

Partisan elections Essays -- essays research papers

Partisan Elections   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the following essay I will be talking about the disadvantages and advantages of partisan elections for state politics. I will also examine the last couple year’s election results and costs. Finally, I will discuss if partisanship made a difference in the vote, as well as if a judge should be decided by partisan vote. In the next couple paragraphs I will talk more specifically about these topics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, let’s talk about the advantages of partisan elections compared to nonpartisan elections. It makes voting a lot faster because the people can just go to either democrat, republican or independent column. They do not have to go through a big list of candidates to figure out who is the best choice, like it would be in nonpartisan elections. Another advantage of having partisan elections would have to be the free press and name recognition. These are really important in an election especially name recognition, because you want the people to notice your name on the ballot when it comes to election time and vote for you. I think that partisan elections help address issues and get the word out to the people, because the candidates have to campaign. This is good because they actually have to go out and talk to the people within the state they are running for. If this was a small town and the people of that town knew who you were and what you have accomplishe d while in politics, than there is a high pro...

Pirates of the Caribbean Critical Essay

A key character that ensures we enjoy the film throughout is captin jack sparrow. The first time we meet jack he is portrayed as a powerful figure standing tall on top of his ship. As the scene progresses we see that he is drunk and unorganised sailing on his own on a sinking boat. The director shows us this by using a wide array of camera shots and other techniques. When we first see jack he is standing on top of his ship. Although he is standing tall and proud his clothes are weather beaten and he has clearly been at sea for a long time.The low angle camera shots that the director uses help the impression that he is powerful and strong. The director also uses an over the shoulder shot to help connect the audience to jack. The director then thatters this illusion by panning down the mast to reveal that he is on a small boat, that is quickly taking on water ,all on his own. The director does this to make jack an instantly likeable character and to make us want to fing out more about him. The change from jack being a drunk to a skilled swordfighter makes the character of jackmore interesting.The second time we meet jack he is in the blacksmiths where William turner is an apprentice. The camera angle that the director uses a wide shot so that you see that the workshop is small and to emphasize that he is agile and quick. The director does this so we find out slightly more about jack and become more interested. Through out the film jack is portrayed as an anti- hero and this is emphisized as jack does not want to shoot will as he says ‘’this bullet is not ment for you ‘’ meaning he went to port royal with a mission. The director does this to reveal a major plot point. he director of â€Å"the pirates of the caribbean† portrays miss elizabeth swann as a naive and dependent girl but this impression is ruined the second time we meet her. in the first encounter we see elizabeth trying on a dress her father has bought her from london. s he seems very feminine, well educated and wealthy but she has something to hide. a medallion she had taken off of will whe she and her majestys navy first found him. this adds to the enjoyment of the film by adding a twist that changes the whole story as this medallion lands elizabeth and the man she loves in alot of trouble. Read Critical Essay about Skurzynski’s NethergraveIn this scene she appears quite rebellious in the way she wants will to speak to her using her first name instead of miss swann but will has to remind her that this cannot happen because there is a difference between their two classes. the director does significant and clever he has elizabeth standing at the top of a stair case and will at the bottom during this conversation subtly  signifying that elizabeth is of a higher class but as the conversation progresses elizabeth walks down the staircase as she thinks that her and will are of the same class. he reason elizabeth treats will like this is because ever since  she laid her eyes on him six years ago on the crossing from england to port royal she hhas loved him madly. howthis makesthe film more enjoyable is by putting in a romantic element to the story meaning the two cant live with out the other so they are both trying to save the other by putting their own lives on the line creating excitement and suspense.

The Operation of, and Justifications for, the Postal Rule - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3264 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? TABLE OF CONTANTS NO. CONTENTS PAGES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 DEFINITION 2 3 QUESTION: What reasons have been given by the courts for the postal acceptance rule? and in what circumstances will the postal acceptance rules not operate? 3 4 RELEVENT CASE 6 5 CONCLUSION 7 6 REFERANCES 8 INTRODUCTION An acceptance agreement strengthens a time draft by putting the acceptor under contractual obligation to pay. International trade is facilitated by banks enacting bankers acceptances, thereby guaranteeing the payment for goods. Postal rule is a rule of contrac law which makes an exception to the general rule citing that an acceptance is only created when communicated directly to the offeror. An acceptance is binding and the contract is only said to be perfected when the acceptor places acceptance in the mail box for a return mail, even if it never reaches the offeror. The posting rule is an exception to the general rule of contract law in common law countries that acceptance takes place when communicated. The posting regulation states, by contrast, that acceptance takes effect when a letter is posted. One justification given for the rule is that the offer or nominates the post officeas implied agent and thus receipt of the acceptance by the post office is rega rded as that of the offer0ee. However, if the offeree sends a rejection and then sends an acceptance whichever communication is received by the offeror first controls. DEFINITION OF ACCEPTENCE A contractual agreement on a time draft or sight draft to pay the amount due at a specified date. The party who is expected to pay the draft writes accepted, or similar wording indicating acceptance, next to his or her signature along with the date. This person then becomes the acceptor, and is obligated to make the payment by the maturity date. A bankers acceptance is a time draft honored by a bank, and is typically used in international trade. A trade acceptance is a time draft drawn by the seller of goods on a buyer. In a trade acceptance, the buyer is the acceptor. The postalruleis a concept of contract law that is commonly referred to as the  mailbox rule. It was formed at a time when contracting parties did much of their bargaining from a distance. Bargaining at a distance, t ypically through the mail, created a problem, because the parties could not know at the same time whether they had formed acontract. As a result, a generalruledictating the time of an effective acceptance was necessary. Thus, thepostalrulewas created and stands for the proposition that acceptance is effective on dispatch . Thepostalruleis an exception to the generalrule, which dictates that acceptance is effective on receipt. The rational behind thepostalruleis that it encourages contracting by parties at a distance by making the person in the position of giving an acceptance just as secure as if thecontractwas being made face to face. From a policy standpoint, it also fosters the creation of contracts at the earliest possible moment QUESTION: What reasons have been given by the courts for the postal acceptance rule? and in what circumstances will the postal acceptance rules not operate? Since the inception of the postal acceptance rule in 1818, numerous alternative meth ods of communication have been developed, including the telephone, telex, telegraph, facsimile and e-mail. This article examines whether the postal acceptance rule will be applied to acceptances communicated by e-mail. In resolving this issue the authors consider how an e-mail is transmitted, the ambit of the postal acceptance rule and its underlying policy considerations and how the Courts have resolved this issue in relation to other modern forms of communication. It is well established that the general rule governing the acceptance of an offer is that acceptance is not effective until it is communicated to the offeror.1 However, an equally well established exception to this general proposition is the postal acceptance rule. Although the postal acceptance rule is deeply entrenched within our legal system, the scope of the rule and its applicability to modern forms of communication are issues which have not been conclusively determined by the courts. Since the initial formula tion of the postal acceptance rule, communication technology has dramatically changed. As each new method of communication has emerged, the courts have been compelled to determine the applicability of the postal acceptance rule. The development of e-mail means that this issue has once again arisen for consideration. Due to the increase in the use of e-mail as a tool of commerce, it is essential that this issue be resolved to enable contracting parties to utilize this new technology with a degree of certainty Acceptance is not effective as a general rule unless communicated to the offeror. However the postal acceptance rule is one important exception. The postal rule was first used inAdams v Linsellto mean that acceptance takes place once a letter of acceptance is posted by the offeree. The defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument was that once they did not hear from the plaintiffs they were not in consensus and therefore proceeded to sellthe wool. A number of cases proceeded along t hese linesDunlop v Higginsas well as HouseholdCarriage vFire Insuranceeven though the offeror sufferedhardshipas a result of the letters of acceptance being delayed orgetting lostin the post. The postal acceptance rule flies against the requirement in the law of contract that acceptance has to be communicated. More importantly it weakens the doctrine of consensus at idem (meeting of minds) for a contract to take place as well as the mirror theory that there must be a definite offer mirrored by a definite acceptance. Hardship is placed on the offeror but not on the offeree. Also various complications can occur because of this exception tothe generalrule that acceptance is not effective as a general rule unless communicated to the offeror. There have been several justifications according to Simon Gardner in his article Trashing with Trollope for this rule none of which have been satisfactory. The first one was that thepost officewas the agent of the offeror and so receipt of the let ter by the agent is equivalent to receipt by the offeror. This is unacceptable as the post office is merely the conduit by which letters pass through. The post office cannot contract on behalf of the offeror. The second justification is that the offeror has chosen to start negotiations through the post and so the risk of delay or loss in the post should be on him. However this precludes situations where negotiations initiated by the offeror did not involve letters. The third justification is that it leads to businessefficiency and and enables the offeree to act on a binding contract the moment the acceptance letter is posted. This justification is advantageous to the offeree but not to the offeror. With such tenuous arguments it is was no wonder that the postal rule was circumscribed.Henthorn v Fraserdecided that the postal rule would only apply if it was within the contemplation of the parties to use the post or in the case ofByrne v Van Tienhovenwhich began to confine the postal rule within narrow limits. This particular case made the law even more confusing as there were now separate rules for the postal rule with regard to offers and revocation of offers. The justification was that making acceptance complete at posting rather than delivery minimizes the window within which such a revocation may take place. Conversely making the offerorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revocation ineffective until communicated prolongs the window during which an offeree may accept. The cumulative effect made it additionally onerous on the offeror. The development of faster rules of communication at the time could have something to do with these particularly important developments. A situation could arise where the offeree who changes her mind: for example if after posting a letter of acceptance, she informs the offeror by telephone, before the letter arrives, that she rejects the offer. In the absence of English cases the Scottish case ofDunmore v Alexanderis quoted where it was decide d that because of the additional cost of using speedier communication was used, the effect would be that there would be an effective revocation and that the original acceptance will cease to be effective. More confusion would follow with the decision in the case ofEntores v Miles Far East Corpwhere it was held that the postal rule did not apply to telexes and that it was confined to non instantaneous forms of communication. The same approach was taken with regard to faxes inBrinkibon v Stahag Stahl. The widest exception to the postal rule was recognised inHolwell Securities v Hugheswhere it was suggested that the postal rule ought not to apply where it would lead to manifest inconvenience and absurdity. With more instant forms of communication such as e-mail, correspondence by post is becoming an exception rather than the rule. It is important that the postal rule be confined to the museum and that the rules of acceptance be applied regardless of the mode of communication. Differ ences in application of the rule for other more instant means of communication would make it difficult to apply uniformity to the rules of offer and acceptance. It would seem that even with more modern technologies there is still proof of posting does not guarantee that there has been acceptance. Just because the message transmission ok on a fax machine or message sent in an email box does not necessarily mean that the receiver has received it. It would seem that in any form of communication proof of posting is not proof of receipt and that parties must ensure that there acceptance is communicated regardless. Where post is the requested form of communication between parties or where it is an appropriate and accepted means of communication between parties, acceptance is complete as soon as the letter is posted. Even if the letter was mislaid or lost and does not reach the offeror. It is a requirement that the letter of acceptance has been properly posted London andNorthern Bank( 1900). It is found telegrams also fall under the postal rule. An issue that rises from the Postal rule is that there is a period of time, where person(s) are in the dark as to whether a contract is in existence or not. Courts have decided that the offeror assumes all the risk, as the offer is still open during the time the letter of acceptance is in the post Adams v Lindsell(1818). The decision was based on the fact that an acceptance of an offer could go on ad infinitum, back and forth between the parties. If one had to acknowledge the receipt and then the acknowledgment had to be acknowledged so on and so forth. Unless the offeror has clearly stated in the terms of the offer that acceptance must be communicated by other means the offer must be accepted through the terms of the postal rule. Such a situation arose in the case Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974), where the in the terms of the offer it was clearly indicated acceptance had to be by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“notice in writingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The letter of acceptance was lost in the post; therefore Hughes did not receive a valid acceptance as he had not received a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“notice in writingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There are further cases highlighting the method of communication in relation to acceptance. Where a method of communication is stipulated by the offeror. Clear wording is required if the method of communication is to be mandatory. In Yates Building Co v RJ Pulleyn (1975) the acceptance was to be sent by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“registered or recordeddelivery postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The plaintiff sent his acceptance by through the standardpost service. The defendant refused to accept the bid as it was not sent to them by the methods as they had outlined in the offer. The courts found that there was a binding contract in place with the receipt of the acceptance by letter. This ruling was appealed and the court further outlined the findings by stating the offeror did not state that the only metho d of acceptance as outlined would be binding. Another area the postal rule was rigorously tested was where the original offer was withdrawn or revoked. When does the revocation come into effect under the postal rule? Under the postal rule, the letter of acceptance is relevant on posting. Letters communicating revocation come into effect only when the letter revoking the offer is delivered. Key case dealing with revocation under the postal rule is Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880). The judges ruled in this case in favour of the plaintiff. The judges ruled it was proven by the plaintiff they had accepted the original offer by posting a response to the defendant. The letter of revocation was received after their letter of acceptance had been posted by the plaintiff. RELEVENT CASE LAW: ADAM VS LINDSELL: The case ofAdams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B Ald 681is taught to university law students when studying offer and acceptance. It is often thought by students to have set a rather str ange precedent. However, this is because modern students are viewing Adams v Lindsell in a modern context, rather than the somewhat different context of previous times. This piece will explain the facts which occurred in Adams v Lindsell and what the court decided. It will then go on to describe when the rule in Adams v Lindsell will be applicable. The facts of Adams v Lindsell are that: the defendants wrote to the plaintiffs on 2 September, offering to sell them some wool and requested that the plaintiffs reply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in course of post. The letter which contained the offer was wrongly addressed and therefore the plaintiffs did not receive it until 5 September. As a result of this delay, the letter of acceptance was not received until 9 September by the defendants, and this was two days later than the defendants would have expected to receive it. Because of this, on 8 September the defendants had sold the wool to a third person. The question for the court in Adams v Linds ell was therefore whether a contract of sale had been entered into before 8 September when the wool was sold to the third party. If the acceptance was effective when it arrived at the address or when the defendant saw it, then no contract would have been made and the sale to the third party would amount to revocation of the offer. However, the court held that the offer had been accepted as soon as the letter had been posted. Thus, in Adams v Lindsell there was indeed a contract in existence before the sale of the wool to the third party, even though the letter had not actually been received by the defendant. The defendant was therefore liable in breach of contrack The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"postal rule inAdams v Lindsellhas since been confirmed in Household Fire and CarriageAccident InsuranceCo v Grant (1879) 4 EX D 216 where the defendant applied for some shares in a company. These were then allotted to him but he never received the letter of allotment. It was held that a contract exist ed. More recently, Adams v Lindsell has been reinforced by Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl and Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH [1983] 2 AC 34 where it was held that acceptance is effective when it is placed in the control of the Post Office, ie. placed in a post box or handed to an officer of the post. There are several theories about the rule in Adams v Lindsell. One such theory is that the rule prevents an offeree from accepting by post but then nullifying this acceptance by rejecting the offer by a quicker means of communication. Another theory is that without the rule an offeree would not be able to know for certain whether they had actually entered into a contract or not. It can be seen that in all cases one of the parties is going to suffer hardship, and the rule in Adams v Lindsell results in this party being the offeror rather than the offeree. This can perhaps be justified because when an offeror chooses to start negotiations by post he takes the risk of delay and accide nts in the post. Furthermore, the offeror can avoid the rule in Adams v Lindsell by expressly stipulating that he is not to be bound until actual receipt of the acceptance. A further theory for the existence of the postal rule as adopted in Adams v Lindsell is that if the offeror, either expressly or impliedly, indicates that postal acceptance is sufficient then they should bear the consequences of the postal rule, as the defendant did in Adams v Lindsell. Moreover, Adams v Lindsell could be considered support for the idea that the offeror should be considered as making the offer all the time that the offer is in the post, and that therefore the agreement between the two parties is complete at the moment that acceptance is posted. In Adams v Lindsell itself it was suggested (at 683) that if the rule did not exist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no contract could ever be completed by the post. For if the [offerors] were not bound by their offer when accepted by the [offerees] till the answer w as received, then the [offerees] ought not to be bound till after they had received the notification that the [offerors] had received their answer and assented to it. And so it might go on ad infinitumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . One further reason for the existence of the rule in Adams v Lindsell is that the post office can be considered to be the common agent of both parties, and therefore communication to this agent immediately completes the contract. However, where the letter is not addressed then this will not be enough. Therefore, mere delivery of the acceptance to the agent does not of itself complete a contract for the purpose of the rule in Adams v Lindsell. The Adams v Lindsell postal rule only applies when it is reasonable to use the post as a means of communicating acceptance. So, an offer made in a letter sent by post could be accepted by post. Yet at other times postal acceptance may be reasonable. For example in Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27 it was held to be reasonable to post acceptance in response to an oral offer because the parties lived some distance away from each other. However, Adams v Lindsell will not normally apply where acceptance is made by post in response to an offer made by telex, email or telephone. Furthermore, Adams v Lindsell will not apply if the acceptor knew that the postal service was at that time disrupted. Adams v Lindselltherefore has three consequences in English law. Firstly, a posted acceptance prevails over a previously posted withdrawal of the offer which had not yet reached the offeree when the acceptance was posted. Secondly, acceptance takes effect on posting even where it never reaches the offeror or only does so after delay. Finally, the contract is taken to have been made at the time of posting so as to take priority over another contract made after the original acceptance was posted CONCLUSION It is evident that the arguments relating to retention or desertion of the general rule are advanced; it is also clear from the aforementioned that in order to provide the valid conclusion the legislators have to consider many aspects of communication that is conducted by electronic means. In writerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view it is essential to also asses the rule applicable to revocation of contract as the technology development has changed the way how and when the acceptance takes place and therefore it can be often discriminatory to bind offeror and leave alternatives largely open for the offeree. REFERENCE Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Operation of, and Justifications for, the Postal Rule" essay for you Create order https://libromeo.blogspot.com/2012/02/postal-rule.html https://www.bitsoflaw.org/contract/formation/study-note/degree/acceptance-postal-rule